Europe is approaching artificial intelligence the way it often approaches transformative technologies: regulation first.

That is not a weakness. It is a strength. AI will reshape economies, labor markets, defense systems, and social structures. A strong regulatory framework is necessary: it protects …

I sometimes need to explain where in the AI stack I’ve been deep-diving lately, so here’s a brief clarification.

I’ve worked across the pipeline but found a particular academic interest in the training-time stages of AI. This includes understanding model variants and internals, how …

The steam engine was not an overnight success.

One of the first real commercial successes was mine pumping - a device to pump away water from mines that constantly flooded. Indispensable to the mining industry around 1712, but without broad societal transformation for another half a century. …